S — Snoring. Loud, habitual snoring is the most common visible sign of upper-airway collapse.

T — Tiredness. Daytime sleepiness despite a full night in bed is a hallmark of fragmented sleep.

O — Observed apneas. Even one such observation from a partner is a strong predictor.

P — Pressure. Untreated apnea drives hypertension; the link runs both ways.

B — BMI. Soft tissue around the upper airway is the biggest single risk factor.

A — Age. Airway tone decreases with age, raising risk independent of weight.

N — Neck. Measured around the Adam's apple. Reflects soft-tissue volume around the airway.

G — Gender. Males are diagnosed roughly twice as often as females, though women are likely under-diagnosed.